Causes of Substitution in Selected Samples from the Research Papers of the College of Arts Journals in Iraqi Universities

Abstract

Substitution (Ibdāl) is considered one of the common elements between phonology (ʿIlm al-Ṣawt) and morphology (ʿIlm al-Ṣarf). This overlap is due to the fact that the material being substituted consists of phonemes. Despite this shared aspect, substitution can be categorized into two types: the first is phonological-morphological substitution, which occurs due to a morphological cause that leads to the substitution. The second type is purely phonological substitution, which happens when one sound is replaced by another not due to a morphological reason but rather for purely phonetic reasons.